Internet And Its Impact On Globalisation Media Essay

net And Its Impact On orbicularization Media EssayThe expansion of tele discourse or the study and tele converse technology (ICT) is the outcome of the microelectronic revolution which has created channels for the process of supervise and processing of the culture. It has become more(prenominal) pervasive than the radio and the television in todays orbiculateised humankind. Incontestably now mesh has gained the position of the earthly solicitudes orotundst electronic lucre. The manage is unflurried handout on regarding the theme of the earnings as some says that its origin was delegacy back in late 1960s by the linked States subdivision of Defence which created Arpanet (which was invented for a nuclear blitz.) There ar others who oppose its origin in the United States by the De vocalizationment of Defence. In 1984 Arpanet was expanded and oert to the scientific community when it was taken over by the internal scholarship Foundation, transmogrifying into NSFNET , which linked five supercomputers by a variety of personal portal brass.1As according to the Ex-Director General of WTO, Roberto Ruggiero, net income provided cheaper faster and easier method of communication, an choice that has created, spherical audience. According to Thomas Friedman, in his sacred scripture The human being is categoric states, Earlier one has to go to the post offices to send mails and other things tho now, it is full(a)ly a game of seconds that we sent mails and it r separatelyes in that respect the more accu yardly and with speed.2 lucre is the major provider of schooling as what the dissimilar earnings companies handle America Online (AOL), CompuServe etc allows individual to connect with the lucre with just modem to mess in. The capabilities of the earnings are such(prenominal) that we enkindle define it as two- office mode of mass communication. It has created a kind of word of mouth networks in which individuals share their opinion s, aspects, expressions and the cyber world gives them enough space for this bidirectional way of life of communication. network which is so much blossomed into this orbicularised world is too the result of the telecommunication or active telephones, fiber-optics and satellite systems, was made assert subject by the technological novelty of packet switching, in which the individual messages are decomposed, transmitted by various channels, and then reassembled, virtually instantaneously, at their destination.3I, in this paper is taking up the resultant role of net income and its impact on the globalisation from the (global) pedigree vantage superlative and besides bring into the socio economic effect and overly the cyber crime that is taking place into the cyber world. And in addition tries to bring into it the digital dissever . The growth of earnings in last a few(prenominal) years has flabbergasted the close to tire out or lacklustre economy. Before startin g with the satisfying oratory I would like to give a brief ex imageation on how profits has its importance in the field of railway line and likewise into other fields. I would emphasise onto the importance of Internet as a means of Information and communication technology and in addition as means by which the all told world is getting connected 24 hours a day. Much of the Internet is lend oneselfd for the private as intimately as for the commercial purposes legion(predicate) practices them for dim-witted source of entertainment. Although the dominant ideologies sustained largely outside the Internet, the exploitation communities of the cybercitizens Netizens brings the views and expressions of people unneurotic and cyberspace give them the opportunity to express. As Hauben and Hauben (1997) bushel to as Netizens Net Citizens. It has created its own considerationinology in its own world such as look for engines like google.com Wikipedia .com etc. I would also like to accommodate here that in the present world as we communion nigh globalization which is a growing phenomenon and that keep be described as a shift towards a more structured and interdependent world economy(Hill 1997) further, the history of the term globalisation is non truly new. After the world war in 1980s the West claimed that there is an end of the history. George. W. Bush the then, President of the United States said, countries would cooperate peacefully as office stafficipants in one worldwide market, pursuing their lodge ins magic spell sharing commitments to elemental human values. The cut into into the globalisation is still going on as some some defined it as the Ameri sternisation, of the world through mechanisms like WTO, IMF, and Mc Donalds all backed up by US power. In simple toll it is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of assorted nations, a process driven by the international tidy sum and assist by development technology(Carnegie endowment) The term globalisation is defined in simple terms as advance of human cooperation across national boundaries provided lot also be defined as for the self interest and also for the global cooperation. Fukuyama has defined globalisation as modernisation. However there is still a debate which is going on about the divergent views of globalisation and are put forth that the globalisation is just a historical development or a myth? As David Held argues, Globalisation helds to deepening, widening and speedening up of world in all aspects of contemporary complaisant life. According to the Ameri bath Heritage, Globalisation is the act, process or policy of do something worldwide in image or application. However if I talk about the Internet and its impact on Globalisation from the global billet headspring of view which is the topic of the paper then the send-off I would like to emphasise over the work of the Internet in global business u nder the regime of globalisation. The Internet is growing at the rate of 30% per annum in number of make use ofrs, and 100 % cent per annum in hosts on Internet. It is expected that by then of the year 2000, the user base entrust touch 200 million. It is estimated that there are 7000 ISPs worldwide, mostly in the US. In fact more than 60 percent of the users and ISPs in the Internet world are in the US (Sinha 1999).4 If I talk about ISPs in India then, India has the first dial-up e-mail network was set up amidst National Centre for Software Technology (NCST) and the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay) in 1986, followed by connections to the US and Europe. In 1994, a satellite communication network for the Education and Research Network (ERNET) was set up with the assistance from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) and National informatics Centre (NIC) opened the gates for Internet gates to software patronage c ompanies and government agencies as well. And in August 1995, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) introduced commercial Internet access in India.5If I look into the impact of the Internet on globalisation from business standstill then I must first see that how the globalisation has changed the face of the business and make it internalisation of the business or trade and bring it into lot of ways. Leading market look for firms have predicted that business-to- consumer retail commerce over the Internet, though amounting to almost nonentity as late as 1995, will continue to grow at an astonishing pace and may exceed $100 billion by 2003 (McQuivey et.al., 1998) (I 1.pp1)* With the coming of Internet the new technology has grown up in the field of Information and technology is a nonher accelerator for the mechanism of the Globalisation into the global business. And also if I look into it from the global economic position then trick say that it also includes the WTO and the GATT agre ements which includes the security of the data ready(prenominal) at the Internet regarding the business and also for the other related issues. If I look into the trade in globalisation from the Information and communication point of view then before the internet the business was not on that exploring and expanding way as it is now after the introduction of Internet. There were just locals into the locals and the concept of global was there except not on large terms because the follow of making business was very high as the telecommunication charges were high as well as very few business opportunities were introduced, or I enkindle say that the Internet has transform the business from traditional supply chain to the electronic supply chain.traditional Supply ChainElectronic Supply Chain1.Electronic Data switch over through telephone or faxInternet made it piano.2.Long term RelationshipTechnology enabled relationships.3. New Business opportunities were not there as the concept o f on-line trading was not introduced.However in electronic supply chain it is very easy to access to increase the global interaction with people through various means of telecommunication4. trouble cost is also very high as for the maintenance of the data. little Expensive.With the introduction of Internet in Global Commerce the business activities becomes fast. gettableness to the data is available at anywhere any cadence in any part of the world. Internet croup be said as the fertile found for the companies. During 1990s there has been an explosive increase in the presence of the friendship websites on the Internet, and an increasing sophistication in the ways that companies use the Internet for sales, normal affairs, marketing and stakeholders relations.6Most of the dominant literature on the Internet is dominated by the prevalent discussion that puts Internet as a medium of business. Eg A person in US wants to purchase a carpet from India, by giving place online on a web site can easily purchase it. So Internet in one superstar has made the global into local. As rightly defined by Mr.Clinton in 1997, new frontier for business, and no less a figure than the US President has described the internet as the Wild West of the global economy .7The companies made their corporate websites onto the Internet and retain the services of public relation firms for the services of the customers. It plays a role of the vehicle for the running of trade on Internet and also it provides a wider space too. The internet is no-space or a headspace, in which physical movement from site to site can totally be described in terms of disagreement of start out (Mizrach 1997, italics in original).8The construction of the cyberspace on Internet is another issue for the cyber discourse. Bell and Valentine argues that, this may involve the appropriation of spatial concepts at scales ranging from the embody to the global.9By this the companies target their consumers or their pre judices. Today the Internet indus move has widened the scope of the business by providing its services a over the globe and at cheap and 24/7.The changing demographics of the Global economy states about the world output as, United States was the dominant industrial power in the too soon 1960s. It consists of 40% of the total world output in 1968 except 20% in 1997.10However the critique of the Internet into the global world is that while Internet Backbone Providers (IBPs), also called core providers, exchanged traffic at NAPs under so- called public peering agreements, smaller companies, ISPs, accessed the Internet via sands. With increasing utilisation of the Internet these public NAPs became susceptible to congestion, resulting in delays and dropped packets. In consequences, large backbones began to directly connect with each other through so called private peering arrangements and started to charge voyage fees for providing interconnection to private providers.11 Downstream providers collect money at the acuity of the Internet and buy connectivity from upstream ISPs or from backbones. However many authors has showed their concern about the concentration and market power in the core network. The chore has its source in 1997 when, starting with UUNET, top-tired IBPs began to refuse to peer with smaller backbone providers and to exclusively peer among each other under questionable non-disclosure agreements which means that peering conditions are kept secret. However , Milgrom and Mitchell and Srinagesh counter these concerns by arguing that a hierarchichally built Internet with a smaller number of core providers is cost effective since it is minimise both the routing and transaction cost.12This is very much face-saving in business as it is cost effective and is provided at the affordable prices and also at the cheaper rates. Internet has removed the physical distances by bring the world together not only in commerce only if also in every sphere. Th ough it removes the geographical boundaries, it can be used as a tool for gathering the information as it can be indeed used as type of state highway that connects a number of established networks with the individual system13, and can be used as a resource of obtaining incredible amount of information.With the entering of the Internet into the business a businessman can check the rate of flow position of the business anywhere and anytime around the world which was of course not come-at-able earlier. As with the introduction of the various technological instruments like cellular phones, laptops etc and also with the innovative technologies like 3G and all in which the access of the information is just a click away. With chatting onto the internet Live or by emailing or by the current statics which is available online to the consumer s well as trade both can be benefitted. By using Internet as a tool it is easy to work all together as a wide network. As the information which is av ailable on the internet can be trusted also only when the debate is still going on this issue as some says that the information available can be trusted while the others say that it can be hacked over and the data can be misused and accessed for the private purposes. It has made the global business to become possible because for the smaller business it was not possible to go global before the internet but now it is possible by the way of online trading which leads to the internationalisation of the business. However the global digital divide has also expanded.As the Internet create unevenly throughout the world, creating what has become known as the global digital divide. The number of Internet users is one of the most widely used indicatiors of development of this emerging medium of communication. Less than 10 %cent of the worlds population uses the Internet, and the gap amid the positive and the developing countries has continued to widen since the early 1990s.(Figure.)* Stat istics compiled by the International Telecommunication Union as of the end 2002 indicates that the Internet use as a proportion of the population ranges from less than one percent in many under substantial African, Central American and South Asiatic countries to between 50 and 60 % cent in Iceland, the United states, Scandinavia, capital of Singapore or South Korea.14 I would like to say that this is the major difference or demarcation which brings the digital divide into the world accessibility over the Internet. As the world which is under unquestionable cannot use the wide networks of the internet which brings commerce, communication and interaction with other parts of the world this still continues the topic for the debate into the globalised world. Global capalist forces generates profound inequalities between the developed core, the developing semi-periphery, and the underdeveloped periphery.15The most replicated finding into the literature is the communication media is that it is been used by people of the higher(prenominal) socioeconomic status. A long tradition of research in media studies conforms the so-called knowledge gap hypothesis.16 It reflects that people of the higher status can use the internet at any cost however those who belong to the write down socio economic status cannot use it as frequently as can by the higher status. But statistics shows that it is increasing with the variety of empirical studies of the global digital divide using aggeregate data have found test to the effect that the average standard of living and the average educational train in the country- arguably the analogs of socioeconomic status of the individual level- are difficult predictor of Internet use. Using individual level data gatheref in 24 countries, Chen, Bose and Wellman (2002) also found a strong correlation between socioeconomic status and Internet use.17 This reflects the digital divide that is prevailing into the globalised world. With such global di gital divide the global trade is not possible upto certain extent because with this only a certain part of a world which is globalised and developed can access the commerce as well as all the benefits of the Internet and use it on their own terms and conditions.If I talk about the Global business through Internet then online trading is another fact that is taking place such as amazon.com reddiff.com eBay. in etc. For online business, parties must be prepared to use the necessary technology. Organisation find themselves more easy to access the information about the consumers and contact them, and consumers can also access the information about their account online, many banks have also started online trading such as in India State Bank of India started the online trading through which a consumer can access the information about the transaction at any time and from anywhere. I would like to say that internet or the Information and communication technology has empowered the consumers t o do everything and anything they need and want to know and to search for, they can compare the prices online and can bid over that. Internet also brings more transparency into the market and global customer will also increasing because of this and also their demands increases.Internet is a part of the institutionally complex, economically important, tightly regulated and highly politicised telecommunication sector. National telecommunication system and markets differs in their reach, quality and cost, which in turn are affected by the way in which regulation takes place, the ownership of companies active in the sector, and the strength of competition. It is important to remark that the competition can translate not only into lower prices (or costs of access and use to the user) but also in more service differentiation, choice and quality. Thus, policymaking in this area tends to have a large impact on the various dimensions of media access and use.18 I can say on that policies ar e been made and regulated by the telecommunication department and it depends upon the accessibility of the consumer which policy is been accessed by them and it absolutely depend upon the family income of the consumer which plan or the policy is been accessed by them. There are political conditions also which effects on the growth of the communication media, different genial deportment and the social relationships will leads to the different field of communication. It also depend upon their social circle as what various social networking sites like facebook.com twitter.com orkut.com do and tries to explore various new contacts which is beyond the existing. The growth of the internet worldwide is not just only because of the socio-economic status or its cost effectiveness but also the political and the sociological variables and also resources through which it is available to the whole world but also results and data shows that the digital divide is also prevailing into the world t hrough which the whole worlds accessibility to the internet is not possible. If I talk about the impact of the internet in globalisation which is the topic of this paper from business standpoint is like when the other part of the world is not able to access the internet and not able to get information regarding the online trading and commerce, it is another ongoing debate which is still prevailing into the global society.The Impact of Internet onto the Globalisation with the business standpoint states the competitiveness that has emerged into the global trading as the markets are openly accessed by the consumers have the choices to demand more. As the access to the internet is made possible for the people of the highly socioeconomic background is more than the access of the socially poor people shows the divide into the internet world and also its cost efficiency doesnt work into the world which does not have access to the Internet e.g the developing world, which have less access in to the internet cannot avail these opportunities as these are only available to the people of the developed world such as United States and the European countries. However internet has impacted the way in which services were offered and delivered. The relationship between the customer and the firm becomes more insidious here. The impact of the internet on globalisation is such that it also brings the concept of plagiarism and various other cyber crimes such as, eg a book or an article is been written by an author is available online and psyche has copied it from the book and use it by his or her name without giving recognition is a matter of plagiarism. Secondly the server access is although possible to each and everybody through computers and unique IP (Internet Protocol) address through which we can sponsor the internet but there are few who hack the servers and use it according to their individual purposes. For which various measures are been taken by the disposal of various countries and various regulatory measures are also been made but not implemented in the way it should be it also a topic of debate in this globalised world. Though servers can also be used to deny the service that has to be delivered. The government in order to control the cyber crime that has increased and still increasing, according to the Statistics of the US FBI, Incidents of the American Internet networks being broken into are rapidly increasing by 30% annually, making the US suffer tremendously.19 The impact of the internet into the globalisation is been discussed into this seminar paper on the fields of global business, digital divide, socio-economic status, security and also the cybercrime. All these need a regulatory measure and its implications.Hegemonic uses of the Net include commercial applications, (Weis 1992 Cronin 1996) particularly advertising and shopping but also buy and marketing, in addition to uses by public agencies that legitimate and sustain existing ideolo gies and politics as normal, necessary, or natural.20 However, the Internet also faces the counter hegemonic discourses, as all groups does not favour the use the use of the internet in all spheres of life. They refuse to accept the ideologies of those who believe to go with the opinion of the general public.ConclusionIn the entire oratory of Impact of Internet on Globalisation from a business standpoint, a global business is lose or been treated as business only through the developed part of the world. This crisis is constructed into the light of the digital divide especially when we are talk of the town into the terms of e commerce or e trade or e business. However in my course of going through the reports and studious articles and books, I came to the conclusion that e business or e trade is possible only through the Internet but if this is not available to the developing countries and also because of the socio economic gap as only those can afford who have wealth and not to t hose who dont have. One more point can be added here as education or knowledge. computing device literacy can also become important criteria for internet knowledge. As younker argued that, Internet is both complex as well as easy and through Internet crosses the geographical and political divides and also it brings separation between public and private social spaces and places. Once the Internet is opened it should be used as a tool through which information can be gathered and it should not used as an objective. And State should try to overcome with the challenges such as cyber literacy, and also to bridge the digital divide between the developed and the under developing world. Thus, we can conclude with the note that the impact of internet on the globalisation has both the negative as well as the positive impact as also the view of the critiques states the same, I through this paper would hope for the better policy and schema by the idea and emergence of global village to tackl e the problems which are prevailing into the world and must be isolated so that the entire world can access the Internet and business can help the developing countries also to come up from the state of under developed to the state of developed and also the hegemony of the e-trade must break from the hands of the developed countries.

Estimating Reservoir Porosity: Probabilistic Neural Network

Estimating reference Porosity probabilistic anxious net pro arrestEstimation of Reservoir Porosity Using Probabilistic Neural Ne 2rkKeywordsPorosity unstable Attri plainlyesProbabilistic Neural Network (PNN)HighlightsPorosity is estimated from unstable station aparts apply Probabilistic Neural Networks.Impedance is calculated by using Probabilistic Neural Networks anastrophe.Multi-regression compend is drug ab employ to select introduce seismal attributes.AbstractPorosity is the closely fundamental property of hydrocarbon origin. However, the porousness info that seeded player from well record argon only available at well points. Therefore, it is necessary to manipulation other modes to estimate germ porosity. Interpolation is a simple and widely used method for porosity idea. However, the accuracy of interpolation method is non satisfactory especially in the place where the numbers of wells ar small. unstable selective information contain abundant lithology in cropation. There are intrinsical cor proportion natess amidst man-made lake propertyand unstable info. Therefore, it ispossible to estimate reservoir porosity by using seismic selective information andattributes. Probabilistic Neural Network is a neoteric neural lucre positionbased on statistical theory.It is a powerful excessivelyl to extract mathematic similitude betwixt two info hard-boileds. For this case, it has been used to extract the mathematic relation mingled with porosity and seismic attributes. In this study, starting linely, a seismic ohmic resistance spate is calculated by seismic inversion. Secondly, several appropriate seismic attributes are extracted by using multi-regression synopsis. Then, a Probabilistic Neural Network mock up is apt to obtain mathematic relation in the midst of porosity and seismic attributes. nettly, this teach Probabilistic Neural Network model is applied to calculate a porosity entropy passel. This methodology co uld be used to convalesce positive areas at the early stage of exploration. And it is also helpful for the make-up of reservoir model at the stage of reservoir development.1. IntroductionIn late(a) years, clear advances cede been made in the study and lotion of reasoning(a) systems. Intelligent system is a powerful tool to extract quantitative formulation between two data educates and has begun to be applied to the rock oil industry (Asoodeh and Bagheripour, 2014 Tahmasebi and Hezarkhani, 2012 Karimpouli et al., 2010 Chithra Chakra et al., 2013). There are inherent coefficient of correlations between reservoir properties and seismic attributes (Iturrarn-Viveros and Parra, 2014 Yao and Journel, 2000). Therefore, it ispossible to estimate reservoir porosities by using seismic data and attributes. preceding studies have proved that it is feasible to estimate reservoir porosity by using statistical methods and intelligent systems (Naimi et al., 2014 Iturrarn-Viveros, 2012 Leit e and Vidal, 2011).Probabilistic NeuralNetwork (PNN) is a neoteric neural network model based on statistical theory. It is essentially a variety show of parallel algorithm based on the minimum Bayesian take chances criterion (Miguez, 2010). It is unlike traditional multilayer forward network that contains an faulting back propagation algorithm, but a completely forward calculation process. The reproduction time is shorter and the accuracy is high(prenominal) than traditional multilayer forward network. It is especially fitted for nonlinear multi attributes synopsis. For this case, PNN has cracking performance on unseen data. In this study, the propounded methodology is applied to estimate the porosity of sandstone reservoir prosperously.2. Probabilistic Neural NetworkPNN is a variant of Radial Basis obligation networks and approximate Bayesian statistical methods, the combination of new input vectors with the vivacious data computer memory to fully classify the input da ta a process that resembling to human behavior (Parzen, 1962). Probabilistic Neural Network is an alternative typesetters case Neural Network (Specht, 1990). It is based on Parzens Probabilistic meanness Function estimator. PNN is a four-layer range-forward network, consisting of an input layer, a pattern layer, a heart and soul layer and an output layer (Muniz et al., 2010).Probabilistic NeuralNetwork is actuallya mathematical interpolation method, but it has a structure of neural network. It has better interpolation function than multilayer feed forwardneural network. PNNs requirement of breeding data sample is as same(p) as Multilayer Feed send Neural Network. It includes a serial publication of fostering sample sets, and all(prenominal) sample corresponds to the seismic sample in the synopsis window of each well.Suppose that there is a data set of n samples, each sample consists of m seismic attributes and one reservoir parameter. Probabilistic Neural Network assumes t hat each output log time shelter could be expressed as a linear combination of input logging data value (Hampson et al., 2001). The new sample after the attribute combination is expressed as (1)The new predicted logging values set up be expressed as (2)where (3)The unknown quantity D(x, xi) is the distance between input point and each provision sample point. This distance is careful by seismic attributes in multidimensional space and it is expressed by the unknown quantity j. Eq. (1)and Eq. (2) represent the application of Probabilistic Neural Network. The planning process includes determining the optimal smoothing parameter set. The goal of the determination on these parameters is to make the formation misunderstanding minimization.Defining the kth target point constitution run as follows (4)When the sample points are not in the fosterage data, it is the kth target sample expectation value. Therefore, if the sample values are known, we hatful calculate the omen misap prehension of sample points. Repeat this process for each training sample set, we can define the total prediction error of training data as (5)The prediction error depends on the natural selection of parameter j. This unknown quantity realizes the minimization through nonlinear commingle gradient algorithm. Validation error, the average error of all excluded wells, is the measure of a possible prediction error in the process of seismic attributes transformation. The trained Probabilistic Neural Network has the characteristics of validation minimum error.The PNN does not require an iterative learning process, which can manage magnitudes of training data quick than other Artificial Neural Network architectures (Muniz et al., 2010). The feature is a result of the Bayesian techniques behavior (Mantzaris et al., 2011).3. MethodologyThe data sets used in this study belong to 8 wells (consisting of W1 to W8) and post-stack 3D seismic data in Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The target s tratum is the first penis of the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation that is one of the master(prenominal) reservoirs in this area. In this study, the main contents include seismic immunity inversion, attributes extraction, training and application of PNN model. The fly the coop chart is shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. The flow chart of this study3.1 Seismic impedance inversionThis section is to calculate a qualified 3D seismic impedance data lot for porosity musical theme. The attributes are gathered from two seismic and inversion cube. The phase of input 3D seismic data is close to zero at the target stratum. The data have good quality in the entire time range without noticeable aggregate interference. T6 and T5 are the top and back end of reservoirs, respectively. T6-1 is an intermediate panorama between T6 and T5 (Fig. 2 (b)). This data volume c everyplaces an area of approximately 120 km2. The structure form of reservoir in this area is a slope. There are two faults in the up dip d irection of slope (Fig. 2 (a)).(a) (b)Fig. 2. (a) T6 horizon display. (b) An arbitrary line from seismic data, line of this section is shown in (a).Seismic datacontain abundant information of lithology andreservoirs property. Through seismic inversion, interface type of seismic datacan beconverted intolithology type of loggingdata, which could be directlycompared withwell logging (Pendrel, 2006). Seismic inversionbased on logging data takes full advantage of large area side(prenominal) distribution ofseismic data combined with using the geologicaltheory. It is an effective method to study the distribution anddetailsof reservoirs. PNN inversion is a neoteric seismic wave impedance inversion method. There is single-valued function relation between synthetic impedance from well log data and seismic traces near well. In PNN inversion method, this mapping relation entrust be found and a mathematical model get out be built up by training.The concrete steps of PNN inversion are as fo llow (Metzner, 2013)(1). Build up an initial reservoir geological model. The control points of model are defined by a series of different depth, velocity and density data.(2). Neural Network model try outment and training. At this step, a PNN model is built up and trained. The training and validation error of trained PNN should be minimized. The trained PNN model includes the mathematical relation between synthetic impedance by well log data and seismic traces near well.(3). Calculation of impedance by applying the PNN model to seismic data volume.PNN inversion method takes full advantage of all the relative frequency components of well log data, and has good anti-interference ability. PNN inversion will not put down resolution in inversion process, and there is no error accumulation. Final results of inversion are displayed in Figs. 3, 4, 5 and Table 1.Fig. 3. Cross plat of actual impedance and predicted impedanceFig. 4. Cross Validation Result of Inversion. coefficient of cor relation=0.832, Average Error=546.55(m/s)*(g/cc)Fig. 5. Arbitrary line from inversed impedance data volume. bestial map is shown in the figure lowerleft.Table 1Numerical analysis of inversion at well locations3.2 Seismic attributes selection by using multi-regression analysisMulti-regression analysis is a mathematical method which is used to analysis the relationship between one dependent variable and several self-supporting variables (Hampson et al., 2001). The basic principle is that although there is no strict, deterministic functional relation between dependent variables and independent variables can try to find the near appropriate mathematical formula to express this relation.Multi-regression analysis can be used to solve the following problems(1). Determine if there is correlation between certain variables. If it exists, find a qualified mathematical expression between them.(2). According to one or several variable values, predict the value of another variable, and calcul ate the forecast accuracy.(3). Factor analysis. For example, in the common do of many variables for a variable, find out the most important factors, the secondary winding important factors, and the relationship between these factors.In the multi-regression analysis method, prediction error of N attributes is always less than or equal to N-1 attributes. Adding attributes means to use higher polynomial to fit curve. We can calculate the prediction error of each polynomial. This prediction error is equal to the root mean fledge error between real values and predicted values. With the increase of polynomial come in, the prediction error decreases. But when we use overhigh order polynomial to fit curves, the existing data may fit well, but the interpolation or extrapolation over boundary would be fitting badly. This problem is called over-trained.In this study, the data would be divided into training data set and validation data set. The training data set is used to determine the corr elation coefficient, and the validation data set is used to compute the validation error. If a high order polynomial fit the training data set well, but fit the validation data set badly. It means that the order of polynomial is too high.In this section, multi-regression analysis method is used to find the most suitable seismic attributes. As illustrated in Table 2, the training error in stages reduces with the increasing number of attributes, but when the number of attributes increases to four, validation error will rise. So, the best set of seismic attributes should contain three attributes that are the first three attributes in Table 2. The first three attributes are modify Impedance, Average Frequency and Filter 35/40-45/50.The most significant seismic attribute is Inverted impedance. Those attributes yield useful information about the lateral changes in lithology and porosity (Chopra and Marfurt, 2005). Furthermore, the training error for them is less than 3% that shows the e xactitude of results.It should be noted that PNN is a kind of nonlinear method, so the said(prenominal) attributes can be used as input for porosity prediction by PNN. (Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi et al., 2009)Table 2The result of multi-regression analysis for porosity estimation3.3 Porosity estimation using PNNThe main purpose of this section is to establish an optimum PNN model. The inputs of this model are three selected attributes in the previous section. In order to highlight the advantages of Probabilistic Neural Network in porosity estimation, another four algorithms have been used. Another four algorithms are single attribute analysis, multi-regression analysis, Multi-layer Feed Forward Network (MLFN) and Radial Basis Function (RBF). The training and validation results are shown in Table 3. According to the results, PNN algorithm gives less training and validation error. As seen from Table 3, the correlation coefficient of training result could reach 0.915, which is considered as a high correlation coefficient. It is higher than multi-regression analysis method (the correlation coefficient of multi-regression analysis is 0.844) and other methods. According to the numeral validation results, PNN method for porosity estimation is more accurate than others in this case. In the final of this section, the analysis for creating an optimum PNN model was done (Table 3 and Fig.6).Table 3The training and validation results of neural networksFig. 6. Cross plan of predicted porosity versus actual porosity4. Results and DiscussionWe have demonstrated the application of Probabilistic Neural Networkto reservoir porosity estimation from seismic attributes. two mathematical tools have been used multi-regression analysis and PNN method.In the section of seismic impedance inversion, a qualified inverted impedance data volume has been calculated (Fig.3). In the section of seismic attributes selection, multi-regression analysis has been used to find appropriate seismic attribu tes (the first three attributes of Table 2). Those seismic attributes come from 3D seismic data volume and inverted impedance data volume. The optimal model is built up by PNN with proper wind and minimization of error.We have demonstrated this methodology on a set of 8 wells log data. The correlation coefficient of training data set could reach 0.915, which is considered as a high correlation coefficient (Fig.6).The well W5 is not used in training. It is used to validate the result of porosity estimation. The correlation coefficient of validation result could reach 0.881, which means that this methodology is reliable. The estimated porosity of W5 is displayed in Fig.7.After the establishment of an optimum PNN model for porosity estimation, we apply this model to all seismic data volume. Then, a porosity data volume could be calculated (Figs.8, 9). In Fig.9, an ancient river could be seen in the rectangle with higher porosity than elsewhere in the region. This is consistent with th e law of geology. which shows, from one aspect, that the Probabilistic Neural Network is a reliable tool for porosity estimation. This method is an effective way to create an pleasant porosity data volume.5. ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that the estimation of reservoir porosity from seismic attributes and inversion impedance using PNN method. In this study, two mathematic tools have been used multi-regression analysis and PNN method. At attributes selection stage of this study, three attributes have been selected. At the porosity estimation stage, a PNN model has been established and trained. The training and validation correlation coefficient between predicted porosity and actual porosity could reach 0.915 and 0.881, respectively. The profile of estimated porosity shows that porosity variation in vertical direction is approximately increasing from bottom to the top and can be verified at well locations.The results signalize that PNN is a reliable method for porosity estimation . And it has obvious advantages in estimation accuracy compared with conventional methods such as multi-regression analysis and Multi-layer Feed Forward Network. The proposed methodology can be used to estimate porosity from seismic data. This methodology could reduce drilling risks and improve the success rate of exploration at the early stage of reservoir exploration. And it also could provide an acceptable porosity data volume which could be used to build reservoir geological model at the stage of reservoir development.

EBay Marketing Case Study

EBay Marketing Case StudyTeresa A. CochranEBay has established itself as atomic deed 53 of the largest and most(prenominal) popular online trading sites on the earnings. Developed in 1995 by computer programmer, Pierre Omidyar, eBay has grown tremendously, creating what may have described as the perfect market. EBay non only pi 1ered emerging technology but revolutionized a new blood model with person to person online gross sales without preventive of outside regulation. The online auction industry itself has grown tremendously since the 1990s, with thousands of Americans supporting themselves only when by staging merchandise online as one of the original internet trading computer programs. EBay gained nonoriety by having reasonable prices and for having hard to find items. It allows sales both local anestheticly and on an international level, with a diverse and active group of members and independent companies. Today, eBay connects a global community of debauchers and sellers via an exceptional plat spend a penny that connects people who, otherwise would not be connected (Kotler Keller, 2012). By creating a short letter model that relied on connections, the eBay platform offers millions of unique items for sale or trade each day. EBays evolution and momentum has continued as individuals and minor(ip) bloodes discovered that eBay was an efficient way to reach new nodes and other businesses (Kotler Keller, 2012).EBay offers some different products in a large mo of categories ranging from clothing to cars, and the bidding format puts the consumer in charge of the trade. But why has eBay grown into a billion-dollar global enterprise while other similar sites have failed? Since its inception, eBay is one been of the pioneers in internet e-commerce and has been successful in creating an online community of buyers and sellers of practically everything imaginable.This brass study leave behind analyze several factors in the development and ult imate success in addition to mechanisms by which eBay interacts with the market. An analysis into these strategies reveal that the growth of eBays online auction platform can be attributed to growth in the e-commerce market, an advanced approach to social interactions, emerging market trends, strong sense of community, and the subject matter look ons of the organization have all contributed to the success of the company. EBays positioning avowal is The worlds Online Marketplace, which is significant for the companys view of its identity. The core values at eBay were to develop a culture of trustingness and fun. Among the factors that have been credited for eBays success have ranged from the hold of website to augmentd customer toppledback, buyer protection, range of items, agonistical prices and also the capability to reach a global market.EBays successful evolution has been ground on their ability to reduce risk to the buyer, minimize disinformation, and enforcing rights to property. By developing relationships surrounded by buyers and sellers in a trade many of the issues around mistrust, uncertainty, and cooperation ar decide and seek to guarantee both parties a successful exchange. This exchange satisfies both by parties by allowing the buyer to control the maximum price they are willing to pay and the seller can benefit from increased loot margin and the efficiencies gained by utilizing an online platform. Buyers can view items by seller, location, condition or time remaining in the auction. As evidenced by the number of site visits per day, eBay appears to be an efficient way for individuals and more recently businesses to sell merchandise (Kotler Keller, 2012).The organization also regulates exertions its seller profile and earningsdback forums. This form of rating and comment is linked to the sellers performance. Feedback has been attributed as a major all-important(prenominal) factor for fulfillment of success. The members of the eB ay community have the ability to leave tiltdback or rate items bought on eBay This type of feedback encourages both buyers and sellers to feel like and constitutional part of the organization. EBays online personal trading community relies on the correlative trust and respect. This creates a connection between both parties therefore there is a mutual dependency in all transactions that underpins the culture of the eBay community. byplay relationships between buyers and sellers are pivotal in the maintenance of the business anatomical structure. These relationships carry issues regarding compliance with formal or informal regulations. As previously noted, the business model utilized by eBay is one that is based on mutual trust. The company offers usagers buyer protection on purchases made via PayPal. Therefore, by members use of the PayPal payment system, each member can be confident that their transaction is protected against deceit or being duped in any fashion. military ran k of eBay fee scheduleEBays business process creates a business model, which does not require the carrying of inventory, but rather has its share of the receipts margin from each transaction that it does (Mishra, 2010). This type of fee structure in most unremarkably referred to as second degree price discrimination. This practice refers to the charging of an insertion fee for each item itemisationed and is designed to attract vendors with higher sales volumes. In addition to the listing fee, the vendors are charged a percentage based on the final dollar amount of the auction or buy it now listing. EBay also caters to buyers who purchase goods in higher volumes. This strategy attracts a small business owner who would like to purchase merchandise in bulk but does not have the resources to buy from larger sell distributes.The discussion of whether or not the fee schedule is optimal depends on the vendors status in the marketplace. In response to feedback from sellers, EBay has ma de significant revisions to the fee schedule in response to increased competition in ecommerce. EBay has launched a new fee structure and incentives for sellers in an effort to remain the most competitive commerce platform (Rao, 2013). The simplification of the pricing structure allows vendors to list items for free therefore both individuals and eBay store owners can increase their profit margin. The listing fees for the occasional seller are very different from those of forcefulness seller in that there is a difference in the number of free listings. Small volume sellers can list up to lambert listings monthly while power sellers can list up to twenty five hundred. This fee structure is optimal for smaller volume sellers. These changes in the fee structure will benefit larger power sellers by discounting fees charged to maintain their online store. In the older fee structure, there were no free listings for stores (Rao, 2013). Other revisions to the fee schedule include basing the final value fee on the items price at the completion of the transaction. As with any other business traditional or ecommerce, an evaluation and adjustment mustiness be done routinely to their pricing structure to ensure that it is beneficial to both the vendor and the buyer. EBay must continue to evolve to remain competitive in a very diverse segment of the consumers who will be participating in the online marketplace via new outlets such as Facebook Marketplace. This fee structure is been made more optimal for buyers and sellers but will be a vulnerability as more consumers utilize platforms that do not charge a transaction fee such as Facebook and Craigslist.Whats succeeding(prenominal) for eBay?Online auctions have become an increasingly popular and efficient ecommerce method of facilitating the battle of Internet users in trading activities through flexible pricing processes, at ease devil and the availability of a large variety of products (Cui, Lai, Liu, 2008). The advancement of eBay commercial message center has developed into a worldwide commercial center since its rack up in 1995. Current market patterns demonstrate that far from the underlying preoccupancy of individual to individual deals so as to be more self-asserting with other online retailers. A significant number of the efficiencies that added to the underlying development of eBay, access to data, diminishing geographic impediments to online business are the consequence of the development of the web.EBay is before long still growing as an online auction marketplace, with operations in the get together States, Europe, African and even Asian countries. There is such an enormous engagement for web based business in this quickly creating world. eBay has a capacious deal of preferences if the drive proceeds with, this movement could quicken given eBays wildness on online installment frameworks, for example, PayPal, the ascent of web-based social networking and its consideration on creating markets. This will help them to maximize their chances to market and make other investments that will put forward the marketplace and help the sellers grow their businesses (Kotler Keller, 2012). When completing an evaluation for whats next for eBay, grounding and continued expansion into undeveloped markets must consider. Demand for products to be on tap(predicate) online is growing at a rapid pace.Another aspect rudimentary to continue success is to evaluate the technology utilized and focus on innovation in order to remain competitive in the truehearted paced online auction market. EBay sales dipped when GOOGLE changed its algorithm and eBay was no longer on the top of the search results when people were shopping online (Rao, 2015). With web based business growing rapidly, eBay can utilize online networking as a platform to increase sales. Social media sites like Facebook Twitter and Instagram can be utilized as promoting diverts to attract more clients for eBa y. Auctions can also be cross-promoted on local sites such as Craigslist. Web-based social networking enables online shoppers to support the development of an online business.EBay could build its customer base by addition and expansion flow of partnerships and investments around the terra firma as well as focus on the maintenance of current connections between the buyers and sellers. Additionally, eBay must focus on maintaining a fee structure that is optimal for all parties, buyers, and sellers. Fees should be as low as thinkable to the vendors in order to reduce the final price to the buyer. The company should change technology as one of the key components of the existing business model, make it easier to think of new way to do development of alternative ways to reconfigure existing resources (Kimble Bourdon, 2013). In conclusion, with the high number of goods and services that can be exchanged without geographical constraints, eBay is well positioned to maintain is growth rate and achieve even greater sales volume.ReferencesCui, X., Lai, V. S., Liu, C. K. (2008). Research on Consumer Behaviour in Online Auctions Insights from a Critical Literature Review. Electronic Markets, 18(4). http//dx.doi.org/10.1080/10196780802420752Kimble, C., Bourdon, I. (2013). The link among information technology, business models, and strategic breakthroughs examples from amazon, dell, and eBay. Global tune and Organizational Excellence, 33(1), 58-68. http//dx.doi.org/10.1002/joe.21523Kotler, P., Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing management (14th ed.). Retrieved from https//online.vitalsource.com//books/9781323291016Mishra, M. K. (2010, December). wherefore is eBay the Most Successful Online Auction? Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 10(9), 62-65. http//dx.doi.org/GJMBR-B Classification (FOR) 350213Rao, L. (2013, March 19, 2013). To Compete With Amazon, eBay Debuts Free Listings And Simpler Fee Structures For Sellers Blog post. Retrieved from https//t echcrunch.com/2013/03/19/to-compete-with-amazon-ebay-debuts-free-listings-and-simpler-fee-structures-for-sellers/Rao, L. (2015, July 20, 2015). For eBay, a new chapter begins. Fortune Tech. Retrieved from fourtune.com/2015/07/19/ebay-independence

Importance of Teacher Interaction with Learners

Importance of Teacher interaction with LearnersIn order to facilitate companionship activity in the schoolroom a teacher must have a clear acquaintance of who learners are. In general, a learner is an individualistic who engage him/herself in the run of acquiring new cognitions and developing varieties of new skills. A learner heap be found wherever a training process takes interject between two persons or among a group of people. In the condition of schooling a learner is a fry who underside be a student of primary, middle or secondary school and their final and primary duty is to learn.In whatever age or point in time the learner is at, there are some skill theories which classifies the images of discipline patterns and thereby the learners. It is believed that learning has no age restrictions and it begins ever since the child starts to talk and recognize. However, the theories read the social, psychological and creative scenes.What we consider as progressive education was kickoff conceptualized by John Dewey in the late nineteenth century. According to him, the learning process proceeds broadly in a socio-cultural manner and provides a meaning and proper direction in developing instincts in the individual (Dewey, 1987). Albert Bandura similarly believes that learning occurs from socio-cultural observations (learning through observation which is also identified as observational learning) whereas scholars like Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger that learning and acquiring the knowledge from it happens at the same time when these are being practiced in communities (Lave and Wanger, 1979), and through inquiry (Garrison and Kanuka, 2004). Randy Garrison and Heather Kanuka, also had analogous vision in actualization of knowledge. Paulo Freire considered learning not lonesome(prenominal) occurring from the socio-cultural context but also individuals contribution towards it.A group of psychologists in the earlier twentieth century proposed a be havioral approach to describe the learning process (Stewart, 2013). Famous philosophers such as Ivan Pavlov and psychologist B.F. Skinner identified how usual response or instincts are being learned by the animals utilize rewards or acts with trusted behavior (Pavlov, 1971). Behavioral surmisal is connected to an event based approach when these are being applied in the classroom. This charitable of learning in most of the cases are implemented in Preschools. In such environment, the classes are oriented in such a commission to establish certain task and the curriculum is also designed to master the goal through behavioral instincts of the children.According to Jean Piaget learning starts from knowledge which is gathered by different gracious of experiences from the surroundings. These set of experiences give the axe only be managed by the skills present in leaners stage in development. These theories mostly focus a series of constructivism which is defined as cognitive co nstructivism. This possibleness consider that knowledge is actuated internally on a person rather than imposed and after that it is organized into schemata, or the set of structures of individuals apprehensiveness through which an individual develops his/her sense of the universe. As soon as the schemata internally forms, understanding occurs.David Kolb had discussed on figuring out the place of various kind of learning in his proposed empirical study of learning cycle (Kolb, 2014). He believes that learning initiates via experimental or feeling stage. This is a stage in which information is obtained from experience and then it is analyzed or decoded to extract raise information. The information is then spread in the public or another(prenominal) discussed on interpersonal domain in case of its occurrence in social environment. During the watching stage, leaners step back from the experience and start to pouffe out meaning from it. For accessing embedded information, the effect ive domain plays a brisk role. It also brings out the subconscious understanding of the information, or the thinking stage. At this stage, relevant information from though out from instincts or other sources can be entered the cognitive domain to justify the validity of the information. Afterwards, the information can be actuated into practical domain, which can be considered as the doing stage.Learners bring in different skills and strategies to obtain result from the valuable information. This information processing system can be characterized by several cognitive approaches. It also pinches the management individual reacts to different type of ideas, information or experiences obtained from others. A cognitive style recognizes the way a person is focusing on certain parts (an analyst) or the entirety of the event (a holist) or if he is good-natured others using words (a verbalist) or visual effects (a visualist) (Stewart, 2013). Each type of learning types also lends themsel ves towards various kinds of processing mediums. A verbalist, for example, tend to accustom his oral and written skills of communication to resolve a problem as an accommodator (Kolb, 2014). This also stimulates him to be an activist by the social environment (Honey and Mumford), through collecting and actuating socio-cultural knowledge as it is obtained via oral melodic line and social interactions as described by the Kold Biglan model. There are also classifications in the learning style, for example, learning personalities (Dilts, 1995) which reflects the way the learners will to learn, and different sorts of intelligences (Gardner, 1995) which pardon the way the learners will improvise and flourish. Such intelligence can be logical, kinesthetic, musical, spatial, verbal, intrapersonal, naturalist and interpersonal. A learner does not always fall into a cognitive learning style, but reflect a combination of learning preferences to different degrees.ReferencesBandura, A., Walt ers, R. H. (1977). Social learning theory.Catania, A. C., Laties, V. G. (1999). PAVLOV AND SKINNER TWO LIVES IN accomplishment (AN INTRODUCTION TO BF SKINNERS SOME RESPONSES TO THE STIMULUS PAVLOV). Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 72(3), 455-461.Dewey, J. (2007). commence and education. Simon and Schuster.Dilts, R., Epstein, T. (1995). Dynamic learning (Vol. 426). Cupertino, CA Meta Publications.Gardner, H. (1995). Reflections on multiple intelligences Myths and messages. Phi Delta Kappan, 77(3), 200.Garrison, D. R., Kanuka, H. (2004). Blended learning Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. The internet and higher education, 7(2), 95-105.Kolb, D. A. (2014). existential learning Experience as the source of learning and development. FT press.Piaget, J. (2000). Piagets theory of cognitive development. Childhood cognitive development The essential readings, 33-47.Sharp, D., Cole, M., Lave, C., Ginsburg, H. P., Brown, A. L., French, L. A. (19 79). Education and cognitive development The evidence from experimental research. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 1-112.Stewart, K. L., Felicetti, L. A. (1992). Learning styles of marketing majors. Educational Research Quarterly, 15(2), 15-23.

Difference Between Gift Exchange and Market Transactions

Difference Between contri scarcee Exchange and Market TransactionsWhat is the inequality betwixt represent put back and market infinite proceeding, and how do they both relate to gender transaction? designKarl Polanyi (1968), in his critique of the principles that underlie the dressist approach to stinting analysis, attempted to pin down the tools by which the economies of traditional societies could be analysed. Central to the substantivists claims was the understanding that the introduction of bills destroyed indigenous sociable transaction by introducing the nonion of equivalencies of esteem whither none had previously existed. In this approach, the substantivists were avocation the legacy of marcel Mauss,1 who, in his seminal The Gift (1954), had argued that in contemporary and archaic societies as simplespread as North America, Polynesia and Ancient Rome the assumptions of economic analysis, as utilise in explaining market transactions, were not relevant as t hese societies were give elbow room economies.In this essay, I ordain first examine what Mauss meant by the term indue economies, before providing a contemporary character from the lop of Usula Sharma (1984) who demonstrates how a bequest mass meeting whitethorn be instru workforcetal in the subordination of women. In the second section, I then look at market transactions and, by drawing on the work of Maria Mies (1998), I separate the gendered nature of the market. In the conclusion, I problematise the division surrounded by gift and market economies, suggesting that both ar weberian ideal types and that neither is fully adequate to greenback for the complexity of both market transactions and gift converts, as both argon deeply implant in social relations and and so in relations of power.Gender and Gift ExchangeMarcel Mauss argued that in contemporary western society we make a distinction between gift exchange and market transactions, and that in the west we presume the antecedent to be free of covenants (Douglas in Mauss, 2000 vii). However, Mauss argued that the gift in fact entails an obligation to reciprocate2 and thus creates ties between individuals and/ or sort pop outs. For Mauss, this form of economy differs from the disinterested and self-interested exchange of modern societies (Mauss, 2000 75-6) and he believed that all economies were originally gift economies the system that we offer up to call the system of total services, from clan to clan constitutes the most(prenominal) ancient system of economy and law forms the base from which the morality of the exchange-thorough-gift has flowed (Mauss, 2000 70). An example of gift exchange is that of Northern India, and the dowry system as describe by Ursula Sharma (1984), complete with mutual obligations and the creation of lasting ties.Sharma describes a married couple system whereby the family of the bride must pay a lot to the family of the groom, creating lasting ties between the two families, premised on the ability of the brides family to givewhen they arrange the marriage of a son, pargonnts do not just look forward to the dowry they will receive at the wedding. They look forward to the brides familys ecumenical capacity to give (Sharma, 1984 64).Although, if asked, most participants would describe the dowry as freely given in fact behind the scenes explicit bargaining takes place (Sharma, 1984 64). In a society sharply divided, not whole by gender however also by age and caste, control all over what is given and what happens to these gifts once received is subject to division along lines of gender and age. Senior women in the household argon responsible for give earing that obligations are met and proper relations maintained (Sharma, 1984 65), but when the gifts are of cash, then it is the ripened men who are most in control (Sharma, 1984 66). The ties created by the dowry may stick severe consequences for the dis-empowered bride dowry favour s and is favoured by a cultural ethos in which brides good deal be viewed as objects to be passed from one social group to another, win, in India the rapid inflation of dowries has led to a post in which brides are more controlled by than controllers of property (Sharma, 1984 73). Finally, dowry deaths may occur when the grooms family is disappointed with her dowry and hope to negotiate a relegate one for a second marriage (Sharma, 1984 71). However, her power littleness is eased by time, as she moves to being a dowry-taker on the marriage of her sons (Sharma, 1984 72). Thus, we can see that in the gift exchange lasting relationships are created, and that these relations are differentiated according to age and gender.Gender and Market TransactionsIn this section I examine the market transaction through the work of Maria Mies (1998), revealing the gendered nature of the supposedly disinterested market. In a market transaction, rather than the exchange of gifts which then creates lasting ties between people, it is presumed that in the exchange of commodities only a relationship between things is created the transactors are strangers in a state of reciprocal independence which persists after the transaction (Thomas, 1991 14). much(prenominal) an understanding is supported by our common sense understandings of the different spheres of exchange for example, capital of Minnesota Bohannan (1968), in his discussion of the spheres of exchange among the Tiv of Northern Nigeria, identifies a kindred division in Tiv ideology between the gift and markets. The former representing the shaping and continuation of social relationships, while the later calls up no long personal relationship, and which is therefore to be exploited to as great a degree as possible (Bohannan, 1968 300) in this set of relationships, all items have an exchange equivalent. After all, when I exchange cash for a goodness I do not feel myself to be tied into a reciprocal relationship with the shopkeeper.However, Mies argues that rather than the formally free, atomistic individuals, engaged in disinterested exchange (Polanyi, 1968) of theoretical liberalism, and therefore of much economic thought, alternatively we find that actors are no less entwined in power relations than in the gift economies outlined above. Indeed, she argues that the exploitative sexual division is the social paradigm upon which the transnational division of labour is built up (Mies, 1998 4, stress added). First, many have debated the way in which the public sphere is rule by men, but Mies argues that it is in fact the un nonrecreational work of the housewife, of warmth and nurturing within the domestic sphere (Mies, 1998 ix), or womens work, that allows men to be free to enter the public realm (Mies, 1998 31). Next, Mies argues that the housewifization of labour3 not only naturalizes womens restriction to the private realm, but also means that her paid work is considered only supplementary to that of her husband (Mies, 1998 ix) the process of proletarianization of the men was, therefore, go with by a process of housewifization of women (Mies, 1998 69). Finally, Mies argues that third world women are treasured by capitalism as producers out-of-pocket to their nimble fingers and as they are considered to be the most docile, manipulable labour force (Mies, 1998 117) in short, due to ascribed gender stereotypes. The symbolic hierarchy of gender thus has material cause as women are placed in an economically vulnerable plaza and are concentrated in low paid, part-time employment women and their children are the most economically disadvantaged group across the globe. Further, women are locked into an international division of labour whereby the third world women produce not what they need, but what others first world women can buy (Mies, 1998 118, original emphasis). Thomson echoes this argument everyone is now tied up in a historical network of globular relations we are all caught up in international relations of yield and appropriation which stretch across the spaces separating us (Thomas, 1991 8-9) and this international relation of exertion is gendered.ConclusionNicholas Thomas rejects Mauss argument that the economies of Melanesia and Polynesia can be regarded as gift economies, which are thus opposed to the market economies of Europe. He argues that this division misses the way that these traditional economies are in fact deeply entangled with the global capitalist trade (Thomas, 1991 4) a wider range of evidence from indigenous marine societies suggests that there is a broad continuum between systems in which it is possible to put back only people for people, or food for food, and those in which a wide range of expansive conversions are permitted (Thomas, 1991 4). Divisions, such as Mauss makes, between gift exchange and market transactions are part of the reification of difference between us and them (Thomas, 1991 34), further, the grand polarities almost unceasingly turn out to be implausible (Thomas, 1991 27). Thomas argues that by scrutinising our concepts via the lens of gender we can reveal the theoretical flaws or weaknesses that we might otherwise miss (Thomas, 1991 2)For Polanyi, the economic sphere as defined by the discipline of economics is base on a conflation of two distinct meanings the substantive and formal. The formal meaning of economic derives from the logical character of the means-ends relationship it refers to a defined situation of choice (Polanyi, 1968 122), whereas in the substantive definition the economy here is embodied in institutions that cause individual choices to give rise to mutualist movements that constitute the economic process (Polanyi, 1968 125). In short, formal economics is establish on the notion of formally free individuals, making rational economic decisions and which create no lasting ties, whereas substantive economics views all economies, whether regarded as gift economies or those based on market transaction, as embedded in social relations. Thomas concurs exchange is always, in the first instance, a semipolitical process, one in which wider relationships are expressed (Thomas, 1991 7) for exchange relationships are always differentiated by power (Thomas, 1991 22), by race, class, gender and age.Thomas would not have us abandon the distinction between gift and goodness entirely (Thomas, 1991 29), perhaps it would be better to view them as points along a continuum, with each ideal type at the opposing ends but the majority of actual cases lying somewhere in between further it is necessary that we recognise the coexistence of both types (Thomas, 1991 33). Whether or not the introduction of bills destroyed indigenous social relations, by introducing the equivalencies of value, as the substantavists claimed, the ties that are created by contemporary commodity exchange may be less evident, but Maria Mies reminds us that nonetheless the globa l division of labour links third world producers to first world consumers in an stooped power relationship that makes a lie of the supposed disinterestedness of market transactions.BibliographyBohannan, Paul (1968) Some Principles of Exchange and Investment among the Tiv, Economic Anthropology Readings in Theory and Analysis, LeClair Schneider (Eds.), capital of the United Kingdom Holt, Rinehart Winston, pp 122 143.Levi-Strauss, Claude (1969 1949) Nature and Culture The Problem of Incest, The Elementary Structure of Kinship, London Eyre Spottiswoode, pp. 3-25.Mauss, Marcel (2000 1954) The Gift The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, smart York W. W. Norton.Mies, Maria (1998 1986) Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World ordered series Women in the International Division of Labour, London Zed Books.Polanyi, Karl (1968 1957) The Economy as Instituted Process, in Economic Anthropology Readings in Theory and Analysis, LeClair Schneider (Eds.), London Holt, Rinehart Winston, Inc. pp 122 143.Sharma, Ursula (1984) Dowry in North India Its Consequences for Women, Women and Property Women as Property, Hirschon, R. (Ed.), London Croom Helm, pp. 62-74.Thomas, Nicholas (1991) Introduction and Objects, Exchange, Anthropology in Entangled Objects Exchange, Materialism and Colonialism in the Pacific, Cambridge Harvard University Press, pp. 1-34.1Footnotes1 As well as that of Bronislaw Malinowski, who in his influential (1922) Argonauts of the Western Pacific An Account of Native enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea, (London Routledge) closely described the Kula exchange of the Trobriand Islanders.2 Levi Straus, following Mauss, argued that the exchange of women (exogamy) provided the radix for ties between different groups (Levi Strauss, 1969 14) via the incest taboo (Levi Strauss, 1969 9-10) and thus provided the basis for culture (Levi Strauss, 1969 24-5).3 The defining of women as homemakers, and then relying on this definition to specify their work outside of the home (Mies, 1998).

Psychological Research Report on Perception Essay -- essays research p

ABSTRACT flock are thought to be able to mentally rotate an aim so as to be able to imagine it in a different orientation. In this experiment partcipants were presented with two three dimensional object glasss. many of the pairs of objects where the same object and some of them where different objects. Partcipants were asked to identify whether the second object was the same as the first one in the pair, even though it was shown as being turn almost a set angle, or if it was a completely different object. The reaction time of the partcipants was instal to be directly related to the degree of the angle of which the object was rotated.METHODSParticipantsA total of 11 subject participated in this experiment. These participants were from colleges and universities somewhat the human beings. There was no someoneal information collected in this experiment such as sex or age or background. The only information poised was the reaction time data. Participants in this experimen t where informed about the disposition of this experiment and asked to consent to participate in it.MaterialsThis experiment was conducted over a computer terminal. Participants where presented with pairs of three dimensional objects. These objects consisted of 16 basic objects each presented in 4 different perspectives each adding up to a total of 64 separate presentations. Half of the object pairs presented where of identical objects but where one of the objects where rotated to a specified degree which were identified as same objects. The another(prenominal) half of the pairs presented where of objects that where mirror images of each other and also rotated around a given angle which where identified as different objects. function and ProcedureThis experiment was... ...t are consistent with other experiments involving the mental rotation of objects in that in all of these experiments the time which it takes the participants to make a finis linearly increases with the a ngle of rotation.These results show that the processes of the mind are consistent with the geometrical constraints of the real world. The greater the difference in the orientation of an object in reality is equivalent to the difference in the time it takes for a person to identify that object. This is obviously very helpful in the real world where objects can be imagined to be rotated and used as in the example of a dog which would turn a stick around so as to be able to fit it through a hole. It has been proposed that this ability to imagine objects in different orientations has evolved according to the rules governing physical science and geometry in the real world.

Climate Change and The Rise in Sea Level Essay -- Environment Environ

On a recent afternoon, Scott McKenzie watched torrential rains and a sloppy tide swallow the street outside his dog-grooming salon. Within minutes, much of this offer of chic South Beach was flooded ankle-deep in a fetid mix of rain and sea.Welcome to the new Ven ice rink, McKenzie joked as salinity water surged from the sewers. ----- Michael J. Mishak, Associated Press June 7, 2014 at 424 PM EDT fit to the introduction Bank Development underwrite 2013 there has been an increase in global surface temperature of 0.4 to 0.9 Celsius (C) in the past degree Celsius years. This change in temperature largely caused, according to the IPCC, by the release of GHGs through human activities. at that place are several effects associated to the change in global temperature, in the first place affecting ecosystems and populations worldwide. Among these effects or consequences are sea-level rise, drought, floods, loss of mangroves, and the intensification of storms and modality proces ses such as El Nino and La Nina. Recent studies have focused on sea-level rise and the global effects. Over the past 100 years, sea levels have increased by 10 to 20 centimeters (World Bank, 2003). Moreover, opposite sea-ice has continued to shrink up to 10 percent or more(prenominal) of its total mass and by 40 percent of its thickness. Glaciers and small ice caps are rapidly melting, causing several changes in the flows of rivers and ecosystems, as thoroughly as adding to the increase of sea levels. Sea level rise depart most likely severely affect unprepared, developing countries and their populations. Concomitantly, developed industrial countries with higher levels of GDP are likely to cope more efficiently with the effects of sea level rise. This paper will focus on the prognosticated socio-economic costs of s... ... Policymakers Wembley, United Kingdom, 24-29 September 2001.World Development Report 2013. sustainable Development in a Dynamic World. Trnasforming institut ions, growth, and quality of life. A copublication of the World Bank and Oxford University Press. smart York, NY 2013.Entering the 21st. Century World Development Report 1999/2000. World Bank 2000. Oxford University Press. New York, NY 2000.1998-1999 World Resources A Guide to the globular Environment. Environmental Change and Human Health. A Joint Publication by the World Resources Institute, the World Bank, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the United Nations Development Programme. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 1998.IPCC Report 2003 Overview of Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability to Climate Change.1 page 365 IPCC declare 200311 page 365 IPCC report 2003

Importance of Loyalty in the Epic of Gilgamesh :: Epic Gilgamesh essays

Loyalty in The Epic of Gil farinaceoussh   The ancient Mesopotamian writing, The Epic of Gilgamesh, gives readers insight into the traditions and custom of the people who wrote it. Like all epics, The Epic of Gilgamesh is the story of a gallant national figure this epic gives the story of the life of Gilgamesh from his birth as two-thirds god, one-third humans to his death. Throughout the epic the importance of committedness is addressed. In The Epic of Gilgamesh readers see that loyalty is the most important aspect of a Mesopotamian relationship and that there are always consequences for violating trust.   Insight into loyalty and the consequences of violating loyalty is first along with the civilization of Enkidu. Before his civilization Enkidu ate wood pussy in the hills with the gazelle and lurked with the wild beasts he had joy of water with the heads of wild game (63). Not only did Enkidu live with the animals of the hills he helps the wild game to run away he fil ls in my pits and pulls up my traps (64). The animals of the hills trusted Enkidu. No other man would be allowed to run with these animals, but they accepted Enkidu.   The young trapper became displeased with the actions of Enkidu. The trapper journeys to Uruk to set about advice from Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh advises the trapper to go back, take with you a child of pleasure. At the drinking-hole she will strip, and when he sees her beckoning he will embrace her and the game of the wilderness will sure enough reject him (64). This passage demonstrates the known consequences of violating a loyalty. Gilgamesh knows that Enkidu will not be able to resist the temptation of a woman. The animals of the hills distrust humans and by being with a woman Enkidu will violate the trust of the animals. The trapper takes a harlot and returns the fields. Gilgameshs plan works well   As he grade on her murmuring love she taught him the womans art. For six days and seven nights they demean tog ether, for Enkidu had forgotten his home in the hills but when he was satisfied he went back to the wild beasts. Then when the gazelle saw him, they bolted away (65).   Just as Gilgamesh had predicted Enkidu gave into human desire and became civil. The animals were betrayed and no longer accepted Enkidu as of their own.

The Computer Geek :: Definition Computer Geek Essays

The electronic reckoner GeekWhat defines a squ are estimator snowflake? People cast off several different views on what a computer geek actually consists of. It is important to nonice how rescript places certain deal into this category automatically without even get it oning more than about them. maturation up with all sorts of television shows, most of the duration there would be a nerdy character. That is how I believe my definition for a computer geek formed. Like all ideas in life, there was roughly affable of crop that shaped it. When I call back computer geek, I see a tall, lanky, eyeglass wearing guy. Not to be sexist, barely I do not really think of a computer geek as a girl. Considering the fact that computers are advanced technology, it is plainly natural for computer geeks to be smart. They go all there is to know about computers, on with all the equipment that comes with it. For example, a broken printer or web photographic camera would not threaten a computer geek. Also, not only do they know about computers, but usually know a smokestack about math or science. As I mentioned before, television shows, equivalent Saved by the Bell had characters like Samuel bitch Powers. To me, he is the ultimate computer geek. His character was clumsy and sometimes lacked honey oil sense. Screech would crack into walls, knock things over, and tends to have a big verbalize. If you needed to mark individual a secret, your best choice would not be Screech. He never cared about fashion, so stylish habilitate were insignificant to him. Media created this kind of image in many television shows for their characters. other thing that comes to my forefront when I think about the profile of a computer geek is that they tend to be very introverted. Usually they delay to themselves and of course they chance on their computers. The one thing that I think is really quiet about the stereotypical computer geek is that they are real people. calm down meaning, unnatural of a stereotype. Most of the time stereotypes have a giving connotation. They do not try to be someone they are not. In other words they are not falsify by not trying to impress anyone. Maybe they dont have the great social skills.The Computer Geek Definition Computer Geek EssaysThe Computer GeekWhat defines a true computer geek? People have several different views on what a computer geek actually consists of. It is important to notice how society places certain people into this category automatically without even knowing much about them. Growing up with all sorts of television shows, most of the time there would be a nerdy character. That is how I believe my definition for a computer geek formed. Like all ideas in life, there was some kind of influence that shaped it. When I think computer geek, I see a tall, lanky, eyeglass wearing guy. Not to be sexist, but I do not really think of a computer geek as a girl. Conside ring the fact that computers are advanced technology, it is only natural for computer geeks to be smart. They know all there is to know about computers, along with all the equipment that comes with it. For example, a broken printer or web camera would not threaten a computer geek. Also, not only do they know about computers, but usually know a lot about math or science. As I mentioned before, television shows, like Saved by the Bell had characters like Samuel Screech Powers. To me, he is the ultimate computer geek. His character was clumsy and sometimes lacked common sense. Screech would walk into walls, knock things over, and tends to have a big mouth. If you needed to tell someone a secret, your best choice would not be Screech. He never cared about fashion, so stylish clothes were insignificant to him. Media created this kind of image in many television shows for their characters. Another thing that comes to my mind when I think about the profile of a computer geek is th at they tend to be very introverted. Usually they keep to themselves and of course they play on their computers. The one thing that I think is really cool about the stereotypical computer geek is that they are real people. Cool meaning, unnatural of a stereotype. Most of the time stereotypes have a bad connotation. They do not try to be someone they are not. In other words they are not fake by not trying to impress anyone. Maybe they dont have the greatest social skills.

Anorexia Nervosa :: essays research papers

Anorexia nervosa is a serious problem that many another(prenominal) quite a little be dealing with in todays society. though this is a serious problem, the severity of the illness piece of tail easily be lessened with quick intervention from p bents, friends, and other caring individuals. People who atomic number 18 close to the victim can notice early warning signs and symptoms, which are characteristic of this condition. Anorexia nervosa may be a life threatening illness, simply can be treated if detected early on. There are many effective treatments that are currently available for longanimouss. These divergent treatments pull up stakes help the patient regain a healthy, normal lifestyle.The only accepted answer to the question of what type of people anorexia nervosa affects is that there is no logical answer even though researchers have found that the amount of people who develop anorexia nervosa is rising drastic altogethery. Researchers have also found that many pa tients with anorexia nervosa typically lack self-esteem and often feel that weight loss give make them more liked or even popular.There are many different symptoms that anorexics display. The symptoms can be both somatogenic and psychological. The physical symptoms only occur after a severe amount of starving has occurred. The symptoms often include constipation, loss of hair on the head, growth of die body hair, low pulse rate, and the patient is unable to tolerate insentient temperatures. Anorexics also experience many different endocrine problems. The psychological problems can range from social withdrawal to distortion of body image.There is no real answer as to exactly what causes anorexia nervosa. Researchers believe that environmental, psychological, and physiological factors all play a major role in the happening of this disorder. many scientists believe that the part of the brain called the hypothalamus has a part in the reading of anorexia nervosa. Other researchers think that abnormalities in particular endocrine functions may be key to discovering what may cause anorexia nervosa.There are three different ways that patients with anorexia nervosa can be treated. These treatments consist of nutritional therapy, family counseling, and psychotherapy for the patient. The first off concern when beginning nutritional therapy is that the patient needs to gain weight. A physician can accomplish this by adding an amount of calories to a patients daily intake of food. Family counseling basically deals with the relationship between the patient and the members of the family. Psychotherapy is very necessary to the patient because it helps the individual build the effects and the process anorexia nervosa undergoes.

The History and Role of Accounting in Business Essay -- Accountant, Eco

Accounting keister be defined in a number of expressions, only I chose the support definition, which is Accounting is an knowledge system that provides reports to stakeholders about the economic activities and condition of business. The soulfulness in tutelage of accountancy is c in alled the accountant. The accountant is typically required to celebrate a hang of rules and regulations. These rules and regulations are called the General Accepted Accounting Principles. end-to-end these next a few(prenominal) paragraphs, I leave be giving you the annals and evolution of business relationship, and I volition be explaining who the stakeholders are and what type of cultivation they require, and I bequeath be explaining the role of accountancy in business. on that point will be m any(prenominal) examples and type of business decisions throughout this in all paper.The history of accountancy dates all the way back to the fourteenth century. In 1494, Luca Pacioli, first publish and printed his news report go for in Venice, Italy. Paciolis have got included a 27-page step by step guide on bookkeeping. In his book Pacioli, introduced symbols for plus and minus for the first time in a printed book. His accounting system book contained the first known published take in of double-entry, and it was said that this rigid the foundation for double-entry bookkeeping in the world straightaway. Double-entry was defined as any accounting action that required a calculate and credit performance for each transaction. The very first known accounting book to be discovered in the English literature was published and printed in London, England by John Gouge in 1543.Accounting can be skint down into four categories Financial, management, open-book, and tax accounting. Financial accounting can be defined as a major fall apart of accounting involving the collection, re... ...nt be following the rules of bookkeeping which are besides known as the (General Ac cepted Accounting Principles.) Thats why the accounting equation and accounting are so important to everyday life history and business. In the future, I see the role of accounting being the same(p) as it is today. I see it being the same because the companies might change, but they will endlessly need accounting in one way or another. No matter what company it is, a company will always standardised to know what it owns, and a company would always standardised to know who they owe, Without this how would a company be able to run efficiently and maximize profit. Although all companies dont aim to maximize profits, absolute majority of the companies in todays world do. Unlike other jobs, I believe that accountants will always have job, cause as desire companies are up and running, they will need somebody to run in that respect books. The History and affair of Accounting in Business Essay -- Accountant, EcoAccounting can be defined in a number of ways, but I c hose the book definition, which is Accounting is an information system that provides reports to stakeholders about the economic activities and condition of business. The person in charge of accounting is called the accountant. The accountant is typically required to follow a set of rules and regulations. These rules and regulations are called the General Accepted Accounting Principles. Throughout these next few paragraphs, I will be giving you the history and evolution of accounting, and I will be explaining who the stakeholders are and what type of information they require, and I will be explaining the role of accounting in business. There will be many examples and type of business decisions throughout this whole paper.The history of accounting dates all the way back to the fourteenth century. In 1494, Luca Pacioli, first published and printed his accounting book in Venice, Italy. Paciolis book included a 27-page step by step guide on bookkeeping. In his book Pacioli, introduced sy mbols for plus and minus for the first time in a printed book. His accounting book contained the first known published work of double-entry, and it was said that this laid the foundation for double-entry bookkeeping in the world today. Double-entry was defined as any accounting action that required a debit and credit transaction for each transaction. The very first known accounting book to be discovered in the English literature was published and printed in London, England by John Gouge in 1543.Accounting can be broke down into four categories Financial, management, open-book, and tax accounting. Financial accounting can be defined as a major branch of accounting involving the collection, re... ...nt be following the rules of bookkeeping which are also known as the (General Accepted Accounting Principles.) Thats why the accounting equation and accounting are so important to everyday life and business. In the future, I see the role of accounting being the same as it is today. I see it being the same because the companies might change, but they will always need accounting in one way or another. No matter what company it is, a company will always like to know what it owns, and a company would always like to know who they owe, Without this how would a company be able to run efficiently and maximize profit. Although all companies dont aim to maximize profits, majority of the companies in todays world do. Unlike other jobs, I believe that accountants will always have job, cause as long companies are up and running, they will need somebody to run there books.

Graduation Speech: Make Your Own Rules :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Good evening my name is Ben Rood I would like to share with you something that Michael Konda once said The fastest way to come after is to look as if youre playing by somebody elses rules, while softly playing by your own. I couldnt agree more. I am stand here today because for the last four years I put one across unknowingly followed this advice. It started my freshman year when I was in the right view at the right time. Due to the overcrowding here at AHS the Microsoft Windows NT class was changed to an outside class. This normally full class now had empty seats. As a freshman I did not meet the prerequisites for the NT class so I softly slipped into one of the empty seats as a reach out/fail student. As the year progressed I slowly moved absent from the rules and took the class for a grade and as you can see it paid off with As. By the end of the year I was adequate to(p) to gallop the Microsoft Certified Professional exam at age 14 and country a job at Microsoft. I w ould not have been able to do all of this and more during my freshman year had I contend by somebody elses rules. I continued to bend and break the rules both silently and blatantly. Through Microsoft I was able to participate in and have it absent conferences for any where from a hundred and fifty to 10,000 attendees. Interns are not broadly speaking invited to help with conferences, but I was fortunate enough to start with a manager who (looked) as if (he were) playing by somebody elses rules, while quietly playing by (his) own. In school I broke away from the crowd a little more obviously. After individual debates in English class our teacher invited us to debate the different topics as a class. One of these topics was where our new school should be located. I was the just now one in my class who didnt agree with the bond being presented to the public. charm I listened to the points made by my peers and the teacher I still maintained my points and did not jump on the bandw agon. As many of you know I spend much of my time at a data processor. Some would prescribe thats because Im a computer geek. Well I may be a computer geek because I spend lots of time at the computer, but I spend it there because it is much easier to bend the rules of the computer than it is to bend the laws of physics.

Essay --

In the past decade, both the USA and Ireland perk up experience huge economic downturn for a number of different reasons. The crisis in the US was largely repayable to subprime mortgages and mortgage-related securities defaulting between 2006 and 2008. The Irish crisis was more due to the large borrowing by the banking sector from overseas banks which led to overprice property and unsafe lending by banks for property development. Some pot argue that the collapse of the American economy had a large stir on the Irish economy which collapsed in the years following the US crisis.First, lets focus on the US crisis and the main reasons throne it. The problem began when banks started to issue Ninja Loans. These were loans that anybody could take out and they didnt require you to have a job, assets or any type of income. They were offered on teaser order that jumped by up to 2%. The main issue with these loans was that they were non-recourse, that is, the banks couldnt result the own ers for money. They only had the house as a security and this made it real easy for people to walk away fr...

Brown Vs.Board Of Education :: essays research papers

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (USSC+)347 U.S. 483Argued December 9, 1952Reargued December 8, 1953Decided May 17, 1954 magical spell FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS*SyllabusSegregation of livid and Negro children in the public schools of a State solely on the ass of race, pursuant to state laws permitting or requiring such segregation, denies to Negro children the jibe protection of the laws guaranteed by the fourteenth Amendment -- even though the physical facilities and former(a) " tactual" factors of white and Negro schools may be equal.(a) The history of the Fourteenth Amendment is inconclusive as to its intended effect on public education.(b) The headspring presented in these cases must be determined not on the basis of conditions existing when the Fourteenth Amendment was follow, but in the light of the full culture of public education and its present place in American brio throughout the Nation.(c) Where a Sta te has undertaken to provide an opportunity for an education in its public schools, such an opportunity is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms.(d) Segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race takes children of the minority aggroup of equal educational opportunities, even though the physical facilities and opposite "tangible" factors may be equal.(e) The "separate but equal" doctrine adopted in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, has no place in the field of public education.(f) The cases be restored to the docket for further argument on specified questions relating to the forms of the decrees.Opinion warrenMR. CHIEF JUSTICE WARREN delivered the opinion of the accost.These cases come to us from the States of Kansas, south Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. They are premised on different facts and different local conditions, but a common legal question justifies their consideration together in this amalgamate opinion. In each of the cases, minors of the Negro race, through their legal representatives, explore the aid of the courts in obtaining admission to the public schools of their community on a nonsegregated basis. In each instance, they had been denied admission to schools attended by white children under laws requiring or permitting segregation according to race. This segregation was alleged to deprive the plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment. In each of the cases other than the Delaware case, a three-judge federal district court denied relief to the plaintiffs on the alleged(prenominal) "separate but equal" doctrine announced by this Court in Plessy v.