Does Damage To The Environment Pose Security Threat Politics Essay

Does trauma To The Environment Pose Security Threat Politics EssayTraditionally the focalisation of tri exactlye studies has been on the military and provinces, however with the end of the cold war focus began to shift to early(a)wise security system measures measure sequels which had previously been neglected. The surroundings began to rise on the inter guinea pig policy-making agenda, and numerous studies yield been conducted to assess the impact surroundal change can have on security. However, there is still no securely consensus on the impact it has. In fact, there is no real consensus on the meaning of security either, so making this assessment problematic. The aim here is to establish whether damage to the environment poses a threat to security, and, if so, in what ways. This essay give start with a short analysis of whatconstitutes an environmental problem, and the extent to which damage to it is a security issue at all, by introducing the current debate sur rounding the importance of environment on the security agenda (Neo-Malthusian vs. Cornucopian) Then I impart present the two opposing views regarding the focus of security studies (National Security vs. benevolent Security). This testament be followed by an assessment of the different ways damage to the environment poses a security threat, both(prenominal) in terms of National Security and pitying Security. I will conclude with a summary of the issue and my own perspective.The Environment and SecurityAn environmental problem is a change of state in the personal environment which is brought about by homosexualkind interference with the physical environment, and has effects which society deems unacceptable in the light of its sh argond norms1. Human behaviour is generating CO2 which appears to provide in depletion of the ozone layer. This causes oer instigateing of the Earths surface which is passed on to overheating of the core which is triggering increased tectonic activity which issuings in volcanic activity, earthquakes, tsunamis and the resultant problems including radioactivity. This eventually puts undue pressure on fodder supplies and other resources. However, there is an ongoing debate within the environmental security literature as to the importance of environmental problems and whether they should be considered a security issue. The neo Malthusian approach attempts to senior high schoollight the dangers of population growth outstripping food production. Arguably this would transcend to a competition for resources, and ultimately cause conflict and possibly war, thus creating a security issue2. Cornucopians, or Promethians, believe that Neo-Malthusians exaggerate problem and that their pessimistic view is unnecessary because human beings will meditate solutions to environmental challenges and that there is, in reality, an infinite supply of natural resources.3For the purpose of this essay we shall assume that environment is a security iss ue, not necessarily in the traditional sense of what constitutes a security issue, just now indeed for a variety of reasons, which are often excluded or ignored.The term security is taken generally to mean the tri unlesse of people against fierceness, or the defence against all forms of insecurity this includes economic and environmental insecurity. Analysts have focused traditionally on the challenges posed by war and belligerence, but today the area of chase has expanded. The UN Secretary-Generals High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and transform categorised the threats facing the world currently, and along with terrorism, transnational organised crime and WMDs, the panel included economic and social threats including poverty, disease, and environmental debasement4.Some would indicate that environmental change becomes a threat when it endangers national security, others when it threatens human welfare. NATO adheres to the former, but this whitethornbe is to be expect gi ven its state-centric, military approach whereas the United Nations is more a humanitarian organisation, and subscribes to the latter. Whichever, the environment is regarded more and more as both a human and an international security issue, albeit for somewhat different reasons. maculation the focus of security has historically been on people5, with the development of academic International Relations (IR), it fell on the State, and the excogitation of national interest emerged. This is linked to the realist approach to International Relations, in which the interests of the State come first with the protection of national interests being vital6. In this view security is closely related to military queen therefore a strong Armed Forces is necessary if the State is to be protected from threats. Walker and lumper maintain that the State-centric approach is still dominant within international relations practice, characterised by an enduring affixation to the nation as the main actor in global politics. According to Page, the traditional focus of performance on security has been on the investigation of military threats to the territorial integrity of a given state that arise either externally (military activity from another state) or internally (from subversive, and generally violent, activities of terrorist groups).7After 1989, and the consequent improvement in relations in the midst of NATO and the former USSR, conventional interpretings of security became less relevant. Simultaneously, humanitarian concerns were increasely coming to the fore of national and international politics and policy8. This review of the pattern of security direct many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) to believe that the focus should not be on states but on people, and the welfare of humans. In 1995 a UN report express too often in the past, preserving the security of the state has been used an acknowledgment for policies that undermined the security of people9. The concept of human security is embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human proper(ip)s adopted by the UN in 1948. The Declaration states that everyone has the right to emotional state, liberty and personal security. Human security center safety from the uninterrupted threats of hunger, disease, crime and repression, and protection from sudden and disadvantageful disruptions in the patterns of our daily lives-whether in our homes, jobs, communities or environment10. Writing in 1989, Mathews showd for a broadening definition of national security to include resource, environmental and demographic issues11, claiming that environmental protection and national security are inseparable. In 1997 Buzan wrote about broadening the concept of security, to include human and environmental security12, whereas Kaplans article, The Coming Anarchy, centred on the role of environmental degradation and anarchy, and pronounced a decided elevation of the environment and security debate13.Environmental se curity poses a threat if national security is underminedMany traditionalists may find it hard to connect environmental issues to security. However, some would flex over that environmental issues can become a security issue when national security is threatened. Environmental degradation go alongs to the depletion of resources and competition for the remaining resources can create conflict, which may in some cases lead to war, thereby undermining national security. This is a popular assumption in the security literature14. Ullman argues that resource conflict is at the ensconce of most violent conflicts in history15. After a decade of research into the connection between environmental scarcity and violent conflict, Thomas Homer-Dixon reached the conclusion that environmental scarcity can contribute to violence and ethnic clashes, and these incidents will probably increase as scarcities of cropland, fresh peeing and forest worsen16.However, there are other issues to consider simil arly. The most important disputed issue in past violent conflicts has been territory, and if climate change and rising sea levels lead to diminished land area, this can lead to conflict. For example, a 45 cm rise in sea-level will potentially result in a termination of 10.9% of Bangladeshs territory, forcing over 5 trillion people to relocate17. Furthermore, measures implemented to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will also incur costs, which could be damaging to the national economy. Goldstone argues that some countries, such(prenominal) as Saudi Arabia, already demonstrate certain characteristics conducive to political unrest, and the situation may intensify as a result of implementation of the Kyoto Protocol18.Some observe that environmental changes lead to migration, which in turn can lead to conflict in the host nation. However, as Goldstone observes, the crucial element is not migration per seWhat appears to matter for conflict are those cases wherein migration leads to clas hes of national identity19. Therefore it is less the gesture of people and more the social and political responses to that movement that matters most in conflicts in which immigration is a factor20. Nevertheless, climate-related conflicts are most likely to make out as a result of migration21. As soils are degraded, refined water supplies are depleted, infrastructure is shamed and lives are lost, migration may wait like the best solution for many people. Rises in sea-level may also induce large scale migration in the longer-term. For example, with the predicted rise in sea-level, people living on the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh will be forced to relocate. Some may move inland, but many more may move to neighbouring India and Pakistan and previous migration of this kind has been a factor in violence in the region22.According to both Elliot and Homer-Dixon, environmental change can lead to conflict when it interacts with other social, economic, political and cultural factors whic h reduce stability in a given domain23. In fact, these other aspects seem to be far more important factors affecting the likelihood of violent conflict. For example, stable democracies with a high level of development also seem to experience a lower rate of violent conflict.Damage to the environment poses a security threat if human security is threatenedWhile the majority of studies of environmental security focus on the way environmental change may impact national security, others would argue that this concern is misplaced24. Global environmental change may, in some cases lead to violent conflict, but it may also have a significant impact on human security or welfare. Insufficient ingress to safe water resources and inadequate food supply are detrimental to human security25. Furthermore, according to Smil, environmental security has become a htreat similar to that of global nuclear warfare as it shares two characteristics both are global in reach and the effects of both could be h ighly devastating26. Although the impact of climate change can be felt in many ways, either directly or indirectly, there are a number of ways in which human security will be harmed by manmade environmental change. In the UNDP report of Human Development of 1995 it was stated that environmental degradation poses a major threat to human security. As many as 70,000 agora kilometres of farmland are abandoned each year as a result of degradation, and about 4 zillion hectares of rain-fed cropland are lost annually to soil erosion27.The planet is currently going through a period of change temperatures are rising, causing a melting of the ice caps, which in turn brings about a rise in water levels. Most of the observed temperature increase has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which result from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. The Climate Change induced rise in sea level will deeply impact coastal areas and islands. It wi ll bring about increased salinity of fresh water and increased flooding. Flooding puts 45 million people a year at risk due to storm surges. A 50cm rise in sea level would increase this number to about 92 million28. However, the rise in temperatures also provokes prolonged droughts, leading to desertification and severely impacting already vulnerable areas, such as sub-Saharan Africa and some split of Southern Asia. There are also health impacts connected to the increased intensity and duration of heat waves. (eg. Malaria, yellow fever, dengue). Infectious diseases are currently the worlds leading cause of death, killing nearly 17 million people a year29.Climate change also impacts agriculture and the subsequent availability of food. The food crisis of the mid 1970s sparked a detailed analysis into the relationship between hunger, famine and environmental causes, such as drought, flooding and land degradation.30It is now well recognised that such events can tip already vulnerable l ocal societies into acute distress. Almost 800 million people in the developing world do not have enough to eat, and a further 3 million in the industrialised countries and economies in transition also suffer from chronic food insecurity31. Poor or insufficient eatable can eventually lead to sever health problems such as gastro-intestinal infections, measles and malaria32.In discussions of the attainable links between environment and security we often find reference to water. It is essential to human survival, has foster in economic terms, and sometimes strategic significance. Nonetheless, in 1999 it was reported that 20% of the worlds population already lacks access to safe drinking water33. Water pollution can be extremely harmful both in terms of health and economy not only does it further reduce the availability of clean drinking water, but it could also cause extensive damage to marine life and severely hurt the economy, as we saw in the 2010 BP oil spill34. At the P-7 confe rence in 2000, delegates from the poorest nations gathered and called for water to be treated as a fundamental human right, not as a commercialise commodity35. Not only does water scarcity lead to health issues, a human security issue, but it also can lead to violent conflict if nations are in competition over the resource, thus becoming a national security issue. Indeed, damage to, or degradation of, the environment results in resource depletion which, on the one hand, causes civil unrest, leading to conflict, while, on the other, causes famine and illness, threatening human security, or welfare.ConclusionTraditionally the term Security was used to mean State Security, but with the fall of the Soviet Union security studies has expanded to include other threats including environmental damage. However, so far, emphasis has been placed on environmental change as cause of violent conflict, due to competition over resources or territory, but there are other possible implications, such as the effect it has on Human Security. To understand environmental damage as a security threat- in that it poses a threat to human security or welfare- we must move away from the traditional view that security is a state-centric, military led, affair. While it may be true that environmental damage can lead to conflict, albeit in conjunction with other factors, we should also be looking at how damage to the environment affects people. As mentioned in the UNDP in 1994, Human security is not a concern with weapons it is a concern with human life and dignity36. Everyone has the right to live a life free from insecurity. It can be argued that environmental damage is a constant security issue for some nation-states, communities and individuals. Not only can it lead to violent conflict, and threaten national security but it can also threaten human life and welfare. Some damage, such as climate change, poses cultural, health, and life-threatening risks comparable to the impact of warfare. We often see security threats as those which come from other states, involve the military and concern national security however, environmental damage can become a threat to security, indeed, for many states it can be the most serious security problem that these countries face, because it directly threatens their life and their wellbeing.