The cognitive and biological approaches to Panic Disorder Essay

The cognitive and biological approaches to Panic Disorder - Essay ExampleDonald Kleins biological view of PD as a health check disease and David Clarks cognitive view of panic as an escalation of physiologic activation due to catastrophic misinterpretations of sensible symptoms was a main point of argues ab step up PD nature.The common features of PD include a move or pounding heartbeat dizziness and lightheadedness feeling that I cant catch my breath titty pains or a heaviness in the chest flushes or chills tingling in the hands, feet, legs, weaponry jumpiness, trembling, twitching muscles sweaty palms, flushed face terror fear of losing control fear of a stroke that go out lead to disability fear of dying fear of going crazy, etc. Some whiles stomach disorders be seen (Lydiard, 1994).A panic round out typically lasts several long minutes and is sensation of the most di tense uping conditions a person can experience. In some cases, panic attacks have been known to last for l onger periods of time or to recur very quickly over and over again. The aftermath of a panic attack is very painful. The greatest fear is that the panic attack will come back again and again, making life too miserable to bear (Warshaw,2000).Panic is not necessarily brought on by a recognizable circumstance, and it may remain a mystery to the person involved. At other times, excessive stress or other negative life conditions can trigger an attack (Katerndahl,2000).Much research was carried out to understanding the biological and psychological mechanisms of PD and to developing effective treatments. A working consensus has been reached regarding its clinical features (as laid down in DSM-IV) and guidelines for its psychological or pharmacological treatments are delineated in documents from the NIH and the American psychiatric Association.A number of theories have been suggested and tested. The majority of them are based on biochemical or physiological markers. Still, the exact etiolo gy has not been found. The aim of this paper is to review the main theories of PD and to discuss them. classification of theories1. The serotonergic modeling suggests an exaggerated postsynaptic receptor response to synaptic serotonin. Recent studies report subsensitivity of 5HT1A receptors. The 5HT system or one of its subsystems may play a role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder, the precise nature of which must be delineated by further investigation. 2. The catecholamine model postulates increased sensitivity to adrenergic CNS discharges, with hypersensitivity of presynaptic alpha-2 receptors. 3. Similarly, the locus ceruleus model explains that panic symptoms are due to increased local discharge resulting in adrenergic neuron stimulation, kindred to the more general catecholamine theory. Locus ceruleus action at law also affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which can respond abnormally to clonidine in patients with panic disorder. 4. The lactate model focus es on symptom production by postulated aberrant metabolic activity induced by lactate. 5. The false suffocation carbon